Benefits of Reciting Surah Mulk of Quran Shareef.

 Benefits of Reciting Surah Mulk of Quran Shareef.

🌻... "سورۂ ملک کے فضائل شریف" ...🌻

اَحادیث میں سورۂ ملک کے بکثرت فضائل بیان ہوئے ہیں اوران میں سے 4 فضائل درج ذیل ہیں ۔

1⃣… حضرت عبداللّٰہ بن عباس رَضِیَ اللّٰہُ تَعَالٰی عَنْہُمَا فرماتے ہیں:

’’رسولُ اللّٰہ صَلَّی اللّٰہُ تَعَالٰی عَلَیْہِ وَاٰلِہٖ وَسَلَّمَ کے کسی صحابی رَضِیَ اللّٰہُ تَعَالٰی عَنْہُ نے ایک جگہ خیمہ نَصب کیا ،وہاں ایک قبر تھی اور انہیں معلوم نہ تھا کہ یہاں قبر ہے۔ اچانک انہیں پتا چلاکہ یہ ایک قبر ہے اور اس میں ایک آدمی سورۂ ملک پڑھ رہا ہے یہاں تک کہ اس نے سورۂ ملک مکمل کر لی۔وہ صحابی رَضِیَ اللّٰہُ تَعَالٰی عَنْہُ (جب)نبی کریم صَلَّی اللّٰہُ تَعَالٰی عَلَیْہِ وَاٰلِہٖ وَسَلَّمَ کی بارگاہ میں حاضر ہوئے تو عرض کی:

🌹👈 یا رسولَ اللّٰہ! صَلَّی اللّٰہُ تَعَالٰی عَلَیْہِ وَاٰلِہٖ وَسَلَّمَ، میں نے نادانستہ ایک قبر پر خیمہ لگا لیا،اچانک مجھے معلوم ہو اکہ یہ ایک قبر ہے اور اس میں ایک آدمی سورۂ ملک پڑھ رہا ہے یہاں تک کہ اس نے سورت مکمل کر لی۔

تاجدارِ رسالت صَلَّی اللّٰہُ تَعَالٰی عَلَیْہِ وَاٰلِہٖ وَسَلَّمَ، نے ارشاد فرمایا:

’’یہ سورت عذابِ قبر کوروکنے والی اور ا س سے نجات دینے والی ہے۔

( ترمذی، کتاب فضائل القرآن، باب ما جاء فی فضل سورۃ الملک، ۴/۴۰۷، الحدیث: ۲۸۹۹)

2⃣… حضرت ابو ہریرہ رَضِیَ اللّٰہُ تَعَالٰی عَنْہُ سے روایت ہے،رسولِ اکرم صَلَّی اللّٰہُ تَعَالٰی عَلَیْہِ وَاٰلِہٖ وَسَلَّمَ نے ارشاد فرمایا:

❗ ’’قرآن پاک میں تیس آیتوں کی ایک سورت ہے،وہ اپنی تلاوت کرنے والے کی شفاعت کرے گی یہاں تک کہ اسے بخش دیا جائے گا۔

وہ سورت ’’تَبٰرَكَ الَّذِیْ بِیَدِهِ الْمُلْكُ‘‘ ہے۔

( ابوداود، کتاب شہر رمضان، باب فی عدد الآی، ۲/۸۱، الحدیث: ۱۴۰۰)

3⃣… حضرت عبداللّٰہ بن مسعود رَضِیَ اللّٰہُ تَعَالٰی عَنْہُ فرماتے ہیں

’’سورۂ تبارک اپنے پڑھنے والے کی طرف سے جھگڑا کرے گی یہاں تک کہ اسے جنت میں داخل کر دے گی۔

( شعب الایمان، التاسع عشر من شعب الایمان۔۔۔ الخ، فصل فی فضائل السور والآیات، ۲/۴۹۴، الحدیث: ۲۵۰۸)

4⃣… حضرت عبداللّٰہ بن عباس رَضِیَ اللّٰہُ تَعَالٰی عَنْہُمَا سے روایت ہے،حضور پُر نور صَلَّی اللّٰہُ تَعَالٰی عَلَیْہِ وَاٰلِہٖ وَسَلَّمَ نے ارشاد فرمایا:

🌱👈 ’’بے شک میں کتابُ اللّٰہ میں ایک ایسی سورت پاتا ہوں جس کی تیس آیتیں ہیں ۔جو شخص سوتے وقت اس کی تلاوت کرے گا تو اس کے لئے تیس نیکیاں لکھی جائیں گی،اس کے تیس گناہ مٹا دئیے جائیں گے اور اس کے تیس درجات بلند کر دئیے جائیں گے اور اللّٰہ تعالیٰ اس کی طرف فرشتوں میں سے ایک فرشتہ بھیجتا ہے جو اس پر اپنے پر پھیلا دیتا ہے اور وہ اس آدمی کے بیدار ہونے تک ہر چیز سے ا س کی حفاظت کرتا ہے ،

📌 وہ سورت ’’مُجادلہ‘‘ (یعنی بحث کرنے والی) ہے

جو اپنی تلاوت کرنے والے کے لئے قبر میں بحث کرتی ہے اور وہ سورت

📿 ’’تَبٰرَكَ الَّذِیْ بِیَدِهِ الْمُلْكُ‘‘ ہے۔

(مسند الفردوس، باب الالف، ۱/۶۲، الحدیث: ۱۷۹)

Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad , Complete information about admission and Study programmes.

Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad , Pakistan. Complete information.

علامہ اقبال اوپن یونیورسٹی اسلام آباد کے متعلق چند سوالات اور ان کے جوابات

👈 سوال نمبر 1:

علامہ اقبال اوپن یونیورسٹی کے داخلے کس ماہ میں جاتے ہیں ؟؟

👈 جواب

سال میں دو دفعہ فروری اور اگست کے مہینے میں

👈 سوال نمبر 2:

کیا دونوں دفعہ نیو سٹودنٹ داخلہ لے سکتا ہے ؟؟

👈 جی بالکل

👈 سوال نمبر 3:

ایک سال میں کتنے سمسٹرز ہوتے ہیں ؟؟

👈 جواب

دو. سمسٹر بہار اور سمسٹر خزاں

👈 سوال نمبر 4:

سمسٹر بہار میں کون سی کلاسز کے داخلے ہوتے ہیں اور سمسٹر خزاں میں کون سی کلاسز کے داخلے ہوتے ہیں ؟؟

👈 جواب

دونوں سمسٹر میں میٹرک سے پی ایچ ڈی کلاسز تک کے داخلے ہوتے ہیں۔

👈 سوال نمبر 5:

علامہ اقبال اوپن یونیورسٹی اسلام آباد میں داخلہ کیسے بھیجتے ہیں ؟؟

👈 جواب

سیل پوائنٹس یا ان کے دفاتر سے داخلہ فارم ملتا ہے اس کو پر کر کے اس کے ساتھ تعلیمی اسناد،تصویر،اور شناختی کارڈ/ب فارم کی تصدیق شدہ کاپی لگا کر داخلہ بھیجتے ہیں۔

👈 سوال نمبر 6:

داخلہ فارم مکمل تیار کرنے کے بعد کہاں جمع کروایا جاتا ہے ؟؟

👈 داخلہ فارم مکمل تیار کرنے کے بعد الائیڈ بینک، مسلم کمرشل بینک، بینک الفلاح، نیشنل بینک آف پاکستان،فرسٹ وومن بینک

میں جمع کرواتے ہیں۔

👈 سوال نمبر 7:

کیا بینک مجھے داخلہ فارم جمع ہونے کی کوئی رسید دے گا ؟؟

👈 جواب

جی بالکل۔ بینک داخلہ فارم کی رسید دے گا۔ جس پر بینک کی مہر و کیشئر کے دستخط ہوں گے۔

👈 سوال نمبر 8:

کیا بینک میں پورا داخلہ فارم جمع کروانا ہو گا ؟؟

👈 جواب

جی بالکل۔ مکمل داخلہ فارم بینک میں لے کر جانا ہو گا اور بینک ہی ہمارا داخلہ فارم یونیورسٹی بھیجنے کا پابند ہو گا۔ ہمیں صرف رسید واپس ملے گی۔

👈 سوال نمبر 9:

کیا میں انٹرنیٹ سے بھی اپنا داخلہ فارم ڈاؤن لوڈ کر سکتا ہوں؟؟

👈 جواب

جی بالکل۔ آپ انٹرنیٹ سے بھی اپنا داخلہ فارم ڈاؤن لوڈ کر سکتے ہیں۔

👈 سوال نمبر 10:

جن کتابوں کا میں داخلہ بھیجوں گا وہ مجھے بک سنٹر سے خریدنا ہوں گی ؟؟

👈 جواب

نہیں۔ یونیورسٹی آپ کو کتابیں بھیجے گی۔

👈 سوال نمبر 11:

میں اسائنمنٹ کیسے حل کروں گا ؟؟

👈 جواب

یونیورسٹی آپ کو ہر کتاب کا ایک سوال نامہ بھی ساتھ بھیجے گی۔ کتاب میں سے وہ سوال نامہ حل کرنا ہو گا۔

👈 سوال نمبر 12:

سوالات حل کرنے کے لیے کاغذ یونیورسٹی بھیجے گی ؟؟

👈 جواب

نہیں۔ آپ کو کاغذ خود بک سنٹر سے خریدنا ہو گا۔

👈 سوال نمبر 13:

میں یہ اسائنمنٹ لکھنے کے بعد کس کو بھیجوں گا ؟؟

👈 جواب

یونیورسٹی ہر کتاب کا ایک ٹیوٹر منتخب کرے گی۔ جس کتاب کا ٹیوٹر ہو گا۔ اس کی اسائنمنٹ صرف اسی کو بھیجنی ہو گی۔ مثلاً اسلامیات والے ٹیوٹر  کواسلامیات ہی کی اسائنمنٹ بھیجنی ہو گی۔

👈 سوال نمبر 14:

میں نے داخلہ فارم بھیجتے وقت غلطی سے اس کتاب کا داخلہ بھیج دیا جو میں پہلے پاس کر چکا تھا یا مجھے پسند نہیں تھی اس کا حل کیا ہو گا؟؟

👈 جواب

پہلی اسائنمنٹ کی تاریخ سے پہلے یونیورسٹی کی ویب سائٹ سے تبدیلی کورس والا فارم ڈاؤن لوڈ کر کے تبدیلی کورس کی فیس بینک میں جمع کروا کر شعبہ داخلہ کے نام یونیورسٹی کو بھیج دیں۔ آپ کو نئی کتاب یونیورسٹی بھیج دے گی۔ آپ کو اسائنمنٹ نئ کتاب کی لکھنی ہو گی۔

👈 سوال نمبر 15:

میں نے اپنی اسائنمنٹ مقررہ تاریخ سے پہلے ٹیوٹر کو بھجوا دیں لیکن میں امتحان نہ دے سکا۔ کیا مجھے ان کتب کا دوبارہ سے داخلہ بھیجنا ہو گا؟؟

👈 جواب

دوبارہ داخلہ فارم بھیجنے کی ضرورت نہیں ہے۔ آپ کے پاس دو مواقع ابھی اور ہیں۔ آپ لگاتار اگلے دو  سمسٹر میں ان کتابوں کا امتحان دے سکتے ہیں۔

👈 سوال نمبر 16:

رزلٹ آنے پر میری ایک کتاب کے سامنے نمبرز کی بجائےreaper لکھا ہوا تھا اس کا مطلب کیا ہے؟؟

👈 جواب

اس کا مطلب ہے کہ آپ کو اس کتاب کا دوبارہ امتحان دینا ہوگا۔ سٹودنٹ کے پاس ایک کتاب کو پاس کرنے کے 3 مواقع ہوتے ہیں۔ اگر طالب علم ان تینوں مواقع میں پاس نہیں ہوتا تو وہ دوبارہ سے اس کتاب کا داخلہ فارم جمع کروائے گا۔

👈 سوال نمبر 17:

اسائنمنٹ اور کتاب میں سے پاس ہونے کے لئیے مجھے کم سے کم کتنے نمبر حاصل کرنا ضروری ہیں؟؟

👈 جواب

اسائنمنٹ اور امتحان میں کامیابی کے لیے 40 نمبر اسائنمنٹ اور 40 نمبر امتحان میں حاصل کرنا ضروری ہیں۔

👈 سوال نمبر 18:

 ایک سمسٹر میں مجھے نصف کورس اور مکمل کورس کی کتنی اسائنمنٹ لکھنا ہوں گی ؟؟

👈 جواب

نصف کورس کی 2 اور مکمل کورس کی 4 اسائنمنٹ لکھنا ہوں گی۔

👈 سوال نمبر 19:

اگر میں یونیورسٹی سے انٹرمیڈیٹ کرتا ہوں تو اس کے لئے مجھے کتنے سمسٹرز کرنا ضروری ہیں؟؟

👈 جواب

میٹرک سے بی اے تک ہر کلاس کے 4 سمسٹرز ہوں گے۔ اور 1 سمسٹر 6 ماہ کا ہو گا۔ یعنی آپ کو 4 بار داخلہ فارم جمع کروانا ہو گا اور 4 بار امتحان دینا ہو گا۔

👈 سوال نمبر 20:

مجھے reaper کی فیس کیسے جمع کروانی ہو گی ؟؟

👈 جواب

جب آپ سند کے لیے یونیورسٹی کو درخواست جمع کروائیں گے تو ساتھ reaperکی فیس جمع ہو گی۔

👈 سوال نمبر 21: مجھے کیسے معلوم ہو گا reaper فیس کتنی ہو گی ؟

👈 جواب

اس کی فیس مندرجہ ذیل ہو گی

میٹرک             100

انٹرمیڈیٹ      200

بی اے             300

بی ایڈ             400

ماسٹر پروگرام 500

👈 سوال نمبر 22:

اگر میں کلاس پاس کر لیتا ہوں تو مجھے ڈگری/ سند کیسے ملے گی اور اس کی فیس کتنی ہو گی؟؟

👈 جواب

آپ کو کلاس پاس کرنے کے بعد یونیورسٹی کو سند/ڈگری کے لیے درخواست دینی ہو گی۔ اور سند / ڈگری فارم یونیورسٹی کی ویب سائٹ سے ڈاؤن لوڈ کر سکتے ہیں۔

👈 سوال نمبر 23:

ڈگری/سند کی فیس کتنی ہو گی؟

👈 جواب

اس کی فیس مندرجہ ذیل ہو گی

کلاس میٹرک   300

انٹرمیڈیٹ      300

بی اے             500

بی ایڈ            600 

ماسٹر پروگرام 700

👈 سوال نمبر 24:

ڈگری/ سند کے لیے مجھے فیس کہاں جمع کروانی ہو گی اور درخواست ڈگری یونیورسٹی کس ایڈریس پر ارسال کرنی ہو گی ؟؟

👈 جواب

فیس چالان فارم پر جمع ہو گی جو یونیورسٹی ویب سائٹ پر موجود ہے اور ڈگری حاصل کرنے کے لئے درخواست مندرجہ ذیل ایڈریس پر ارسال کر دیں

شعبہ امتحانات: سرٹیفکیٹ/ڈگری سیکشن بلاک نمبر 3 علامہ اقبال اوپن یونیورسٹی سیکٹرH-8 اسلام آباد

Hazrat Ibraheem Aleh hisslam

#حضرت ابراہیم علیہ السلام سے متعلق چیزیں :

سوال : جس وقت حضرت ابراہیم( علیہ السلام )کو نار نمرود میں ڈالا گیا اس وقت آپ( علیہ السلام )کی عمر شریف کتنی تھی -

جواب :حضرت ابراہیم( علیہ السلام )اس وقت سولہ سال کے تھے اور بعض نے کہا ہے کہ چھبیس سال کے تھے -( صاوی ج٣ ص١٢ پ ١٧ )

سوال : حضرت ابراہیم( علیہ السلام )کو جس آگ میں ڈالا گیا اس کے لیے کتنے دنوں تک لکڑیاں جمع کی گئی تھیں اور کتنے دنوں تک دہکایا گیا تھا -

جواب : ایک مہینہ تک لکڑیاں جمع کی گئی تھیں اور سات دن تک آگ کو دہکایا گیا تھا -( صاوی ص٨٢ )

سوال : حضرت ابراہیم( علیہ السلام )آگ میں کتنے دن تک رہے -

جواب :سات دن بعض نے چالیس دن اور بعض نے پچاس دن کہا ہے -( صاوی ص٨٢ )

سوال : حضرت ابراہیم( علیہ السلام )کو آگ میں کیا لباس پہنایا گیا کس نے پہنایا اور کہاں سے آیا -

جواب : ریشمی قمیص تھی جو حضرت جبرئیل علیہ السلام نے پہنائی تھی اور یہ جنت کا لباس تھا -( صاوی ٣ ص٨٢ )

سوال : حضرت ابراہیم( علیہ السلام )کو آگ میں کس چیز میں بٹھا کر ڈالا گیا وہ آلہ کس نے سکھلایا تھا -

جواب : حضرت ابراہیم( علیہ السلام )کو آگ میں گوپیہ میں بٹھا کر ڈالا گیا اور یہ عمل شیطان نے سکھایا تھا اس لیے کہ جب قوم نمرود نے ابراہیم( علیہ السلام )کو ایک مکان میں بند کر دیا اور پھر آگ میں ڈالنے کے لیے باہر لائے تو ان کی سمجھ میں یہ بات نہ آسکی کہ ابراہیم( علیہ السلام کو کس طرح آگ میں ڈالا جائے کیونکہ آگ کی شدت کی وجہ سے آگ کے قریب آنا دشوار تھا اسی وقت شیطان آیا اور اس نے گوپیہ بنانا سکھایا -( صاوی ص٨٢ )

سوال : اس مکان کی اونچائی اور چوڑائی کتنی تھی جس میں آگ جلا کر ابراہیم( علیہ السلام )کو ڈالا گیا -

جواب :اونچائی تیس ہاتھ اور چوڑائی بیس ہاتھ تھی -( حاشیہ جلالین ص٣٧٧ )

سوال : وہ کونسے نبی ہیں جنہوں نے دو ہجرتیں کی جب کہ تمام انبیاء( کرام علیہم السلام )نے صرف ایک ہجرت کی -

جواب :وہ حضرت ابراہیم( علیہ السلام )ہیں پہلی ہجرت آپ( علیہ السلام )نے کوثی سے کی جو کہ ملک عراق کے شہر بابل کا ایک قصبہ ہے کوفہ کی طرف، اور دوسری ہجرت کوفہ سے ملک شام کی طرف( کشاف )بعض نے کہا ہے کہ پہلی ہجرت فلسطین کی طرف اور دوسری مصر کی طرف کی تھی -( قصص القرآن ج١ ص٣١٠ )

سوال : حضرت ابراہیم( علیہ السلام )سے ایجاد ہونے والی چیزیں کون کون سی ہیں -

(١) سب سے پہلے اللہ اکبر حضرت ابراہیم( علیہ السلام )نے کہا -( بغیته الظمان )
(٢) سب سے پہلے جمعہ کے لیے غسل حضرت ابراہیم( علیہ السلام )نے دیا -( محاضرہ ص٥٨ بحوالہ بغيته الظمان ص٢٣ )
(٣) سب سے پہلے منبر پر خطبہ حضرت ابراہیم( علیہ السلام )نے دیا -( محاضرہ ص١٤٣ بحوالہ بغیته الظمان )
(٤) سب سے پہلے کلی و مسواک حضرت ابراہیم( علیہ السلام )نے کی اور بعض نے کہا ہے کہ سب سے پہلے مسواک کرنے والے حضرت موسی علیہ السلام ہیں -( قصص الانبياء بحوالہ بغيته الظمان )
(٥) سب سے پہلے ناک میں پانی حضرت ابراہیم( علیہ السلام )نے ڈالا -( محاضرہ بحوالہ بغیته الظمان )
(٦) سب سے پہلے حضرت ابراہیم( علیہ السلام )نے ناخن تراشے -(محاضرہ بحوالہ بغیته الظمان )
(٧) سب سے پہلے مونچھیں اور
(٨) بغل کے بال حضرت ابراہیم( علیہ السلام )نے کاٹے( محاضرہ ص٥٨ )
(٩) انبیاء( کرام علیہم السلام )میں سب سے پہلے داڑھی سفید ہوئی -( محاضرہ ص٥٨ )
(١٠) سب سے پہلے زیر ناف کے بال حضرت ابراہیم( علیہ السلام )نے کاٹے( بغیته الظمان )
(١١) سب سے پہلے مہندی کا خضاب حضرت ابراہیم( علیہ السلام )نے کیا -( محاضرہ ص٩ )
(١٢) انبیاء(کرام علیہم السلام )میں سب سے پہلے حضرت ابراہیم( علیہ السلام )نے بسولہ سے اپنی ختنہ کی -( قصص الأنبياء ص٦٨ )
(١٣) سب سے پہلے پانی سے استنجاء حضرت ابراہیم( علیہ السلام )کیا -( محاضرہ ص٥٨ بحوالہ بغیته الظمان )
(١٤) سب سے پہلے مہمان نوازی اور مال غنیمت راہ خدا میں خرچ حضرت ابراہیم( علیہ السلام )نے کیا -( کامل العدی و محاضرہ ص٥٧ بغیته الظمان )

سوال : کس نبی نے امت محمدیہ( صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم )کو سلام کہلوایا -

جواب : جب حضور صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم معراج تشریف لے گئے اور رخصت ہونے لگے تو حضرت ابراہیم علیہ السلام نے امت محمدیہ( صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم )کو سلام کہلوایا تھا -( مشکوٰة ٢ ص٢٠٢ ) جاری

Future risks to the world in 2019

Future risks to the world in 2019

there are lot of risks which are threatining to the world in near future.
"A widening economic recovery presents us with an opportunity that we cannot afford to squander -- to tackle the fractures that we have allowed to weaken the world's institutions, societies and environment," said Professor Klaus Schwab, founder and executive chairman of the World Economic Forum, in a statement. "We must take seriously the risk of a global systems breakdown. Together we have the resources and the new scientific and technological knowledge to prevent this."

Among the chief concerns are several related to the environment, including extreme weather events and natural disasters. The impact of climate change also ranks as a top risk this year.


Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria in the U.S. last year signaled how increasingly costly weather events are impacting the world, with the World Economic Forum stressing that such disasters are part of a "truly systemic challenge."

The report also pointed to the interconnection between environmental dangers and other risks, such as mass human migration as planetary conditions change.

Aside from environmental risks, the WEF highlighted dangers tied to the rise in populism and societal polarization, which it calls a "politically destabilizing force." President Donald Trump's "America First" platform is escalating geopolitical volatility, with 93 percent of the World Economic Forum's respondents saying they expect economic confrontations and frictions between major world powers to worsen in 2018.

At the same time, the global economy continues to show improvement, with the International Monetary Fund expecting global GDP growth of 3.6 percent in 2017, compared with 3.2 percent in 2016. Yet worsening income inequality means not everyone is enjoying the fruits of that expansion, with the report noting that more than half of the world's countries have seen an increase in income inequality during the past 30 years.

That helps explain why more middle- and low-income workers feel the system is rigged, preventing them from climbing the socioeconomic ladder no matter how hard they work. The #MeToo movement is raising questions about how women are treated in the workplace and in society, with the WEF noting that women are losing ground compared with a decade ago.

"One fault line around fairness that came to particular prominence in 2017 is gender," the report noted. "The global gender parity gap across health, education, politics and the workplace widened for the first time since we began tracking it in 2006."

Behind the global economy's overall solid growth, fault lines remain, the WEF said. Productivity "remains puzzlingly weak," and workers in many countries are suffering from stagnating real income.

"The reassuring headline indicators mean that economic and financial risks are becoming a blind spot: Business leaders and policymakers are less prepared than they might be for serious economic or financial turmoil," the WEF noted.

Below are the World Economic Forum's top five global risks in terms of likelihood in 2018:

Extreme weather events: Hurricanes, extreme temperatures and other weather events are a likely risk in 2018, coming off a year when the U.S. struggled to recover from the most expensive hurricane season ever. Last year is expected to be among the three hottest years on record, the WEF noted. Climate change is creating more frequent heatwaves, which will strain agricultural systems and raise the risk of breakdowns in the food supply, it added.

Natural disasters: Eight of the 10 most deadly natural disasters in the first half of 2017 involved floods and landslides. Extreme weather events and climate change are raising the risks of natural disasters, such as the mudslide in Montecito, California, that killed at least 20 people. Other natural disasters could include earthquakes, landslides or volcanic activity.

Cyberattacks: Attacks on computers and networks are increasingly common, with some of the biggest costs last year tied to "ransomware" schemes. Cybercriminals are also taking down infrastructure and trying to disrupt critical industrial sectors, such as the 2015 attack on Ukraine's power grid, the WEF said.

"Most attacks on critical and strategic systems have not succeeded -- but the combination of isolated successes with a growing list of attempted attacks suggests that risks are increasing," the report noted.

Data fraud or theft: The increase in cyberattacks is placing the personal information of millions of consumers at risk. "What would once have been considered large-scale cyberattacks are now becoming normal," the WEF noted. "For example, in 2016, companies revealed breaches of more than 4 billion data records, more than the combined total for the previous two years."

Failure of climate-change mitigation and adaptation: The risk that governments and businesses will fail to take action against the impact of climate change is a real risk in 2018, the WEF said, citing President Trump's decision last year to withdraw the U.S. from the Paris Agreement as an example. Yet other countries have reaffirmed their pledge to the Paris Agreement, while top U.S. businesses, states and cities have said they will continue to work to reduce emissions. 

Jamal Khashoggi: The real story about the murder of Saudi journalist.

Jamal Khashoggi: The real story about the murder of Saudi journalist.

jamal khashoggi

On 2 October, Jamal Khashoggi, a well-known journalist and critic of the Saudi government, walked into the country's consulate in Istanbul. He has not been seen since.

Turkish officials believe he was murdered by a team of Saudi agents inside the building and say they have evidence, including gruesome audio recordings, to back this up.

After initial denials and claims that he had left the consulate shortly after arriving, Saudi Arabia has now admitted the journalist is dead.

The kingdom says Khashoggi was killed in a "rogue operation" that the leadership had not been aware of.

The steady stream of disturbing allegations, along with the complex diplomatic situation, means that it can be difficult to keep track of the full story.

So here is what we know about the case.

Who was Jamal Khashoggi?
A prominent journalist who covered major stories including the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the rise of Osama Bin Laden for various Saudi news organisations.

For decades, he was close to the Saudi royal family and also served as an adviser to the government.

But he fell out of favour and went into self-imposed exile in the US last year. From there, he wrote a monthly column in the Washington Post in which he criticised the policies of Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman.

Who was Jamal Khashoggi?
In his first column for the newspaper, Khashoggi said he feared being arrested in an apparent crackdown on dissent overseen by the prince since he became first in line to succeed his father King Salman.

"The people being arrested are not even being dissidents, they just have an independent mind," he told the BBC's Newshour programme just three days before he disappeared.
He first visited the Saudi consulate in Istanbul on 28 September to obtain a document certifying that he had divorced his ex-wife, so that he could marry his Turkish fiancée.

But he was told he would have to return and arranged to come back on 2 October.

"He did not mind walking into the Saudi consulate in Istanbul because he did not believe that something bad could happen on Turkish soil," his fiancée, Hatice Cengiz, wrote in the Washington Post.

"Jamal was hardly concerned ahead of his second visit."

The journalist who vanished into a consulate
He was seen on CCTV arriving at 13:14 local time for his appointment, which was scheduled for 13:30.

He reportedly told friends that he had been treated "very warmly" on his first visit and reassured them that he would not face any problems.

Image copyrightAFP/GETTY IMAGES
Image caption
The journalist's fiancée Hatice Cengiz waited outside for hours
Despite this, he gave Ms Cengiz two mobile phones and told her to call an adviser to Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan if he did not come back out.

She ultimately waited for more than 10 hours outside the consulate and returned the following morning when Khashoggi had still not reappeared.

What does Saudi Arabia say?
For more than two weeks Saudi Arabia consistently denied any knowledge of Khashoggi's fate.

Prince Mohammed told Bloomberg News that the journalist had left the consulate "after a few minutes or one hour".

"We have nothing to hide," he added.

Prince Mohammed's brother and the Saudi ambassador to the US, Prince Khaled bin Salman, claimed all reports about his disappearance or death were "completely false and baseless".

Who is Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman?
Did Apple Watch record Khashoggi killing?
Why Saudi Arabia matters to the West
But in the early hours of 20 October, state television reported the journalist had in fact died in the consulate after a fight.

It finally said that Khashoggi had been murdered in a "rogue operation" and vowed to punish "those responsible".

A Saudi official told Reuters news agency that Khashoggi had died in a chokehold after resisting attempts to return him to Saudi Arabia. His body was then rolled in a rug and given to a local "co-operator" to be disposed of. A Saudi operative then reportedly donned his clothes and left the premises.

The authorities announced the arrest of 18 Saudi nationals and dismissal of two senior officials - deputy intelligence chief Ahmad al-Assiri and Saud al-Qahtani, a senior aide to Prince Mohammed.

Image copyrightAFP
Image caption
The Saudi consulate initially said Khashoggi had left after completing paperwork
Saudi King Salman also ordered the formation of a ministerial committee, headed by the crown prince, to restructure the intelligence services in the wake of the initial inquiry.

Two days later, Foreign Minister Adel al-Jubeir described the killing as "murder", telling Fox News "a tremendous mistake" had been made. He denied that the crown prince had ordered the killing.

Then, on 25 October, Saudi Arabia's public prosecutor was quoted in state media as saying Khashoggi's murder was "premeditated".

The prosecutor's account came after investigations by a joint Saudi-Turkish task force, broadcaster al-Ekhbariya said.

What does Turkey say happened to him?
President Recep Tayyip Erdogan says there is strong evidence to suggest the "savage" killing of Khashoggi was planned days in advance.

He says three teams of 15 Saudi nationals arrived in Istanbul on separate flights in the days and hours leading up to the murder.

He added that the group had removed the security cameras and surveillance footage from the consulate building prior to Khashoggi's arrival.

Turkish officials say the journalist was tortured and killed on the consulate premises and that his body was then removed.

They say they have audio and video evidence to support this claim - but these have not yet been made public, and President Erdogan has not mentioned them.

Image copyrightAFP
Image caption
Investigators have been searching Belgrad forest for the body
The Washington Post and pro-government Turkish newspaper Yeni Safak quoted Turkish sources who had heard the tapes and said they showed Khashoggi had been tortured.

Yeni Safak said Saudi Consul General Mohammed al-Otaibi could be heard on one tape warning the alleged Saudi agents: "Do this outside. You're going to get me in trouble."

"Shut up if you want to live when you return to [Saudi] Arabia," a person can reportedly be heard telling the diplomat on another tape.

Unnamed Turkish officials have told various US sources that Khashoggi was killed within two hours of arriving and then dismembered.

President Erdogan also said some members from the group travelled to Belgrad forest, which is near the consulate, the day before the killing. This area was last week searched by Turkish police looking for the body.

Who are the alleged Saudi agents?
One of the men, Maher Mutreb, served as a colonel in Saudi intelligence and was based at the country's embassy in London, the BBC understands.

Four of the men have links to the Saudi crown prince and another is a senior figure in the country's interior ministry, reports say.

Turkish officials believe the men are Saudi officials and intelligence officers, an allegation that appears to be supported by open-source information that is freely available.

They say the group brought a bone saw into the country and that one of its members was a doctor who specialised in post-mortems.

Image copyrightAFP
Nine of the agents reportedly arrived on a private jet from the Saudi capital, Riyadh, at about 03:15 on the day Khashoggi visited the consulate.

The rest of the suspected agents are reported to have arrived later that day on a second private jet or on commercial flights. The group then checked into two hotels near the consulate building.

CCTV footage broadcast by Turkish TV appears to show groups of Saudi men entering the country via Istanbul airport and then checking into the hotels.

Who's who in alleged Saudi 'hit squad'
It also shows vehicles driving up to the consulate an hour before Khashoggi's visit, including black vans thought to be central to inquiries.

One of the vans is reported to have taken some of the men from the consulate to the nearby residence of the Saudi consul about two hours after Khashoggi's arrival.

The group then left the country on the two private jets that flew to Riyadh via Cairo and Dubai, according to investigators.

How did 2 October unfold?
This is the timeline of events, according to Turkish media.

Image copyrightGETTY IMAGES
03:28: The first private jet carrying suspected Saudi agents arrives at Istanbul airport.

05:05: The group is seen checking into two hotels near the Saudi consulate building.

12:13: Several diplomatic vehicles are filmed arriving at the consulate, allegedly carrying some of the Saudi agents.

13:14: Khashoggi enters the building.

15:08: Vehicles leave the consulate and are filmed arriving at the nearby Saudi consul's residence.

17:15: A second private jet carrying a number of suspected Saudi officials lands in Istanbul.

17:33: Khashoggi's fiancée, Hatice Cengiz, is seen on CCTV waiting outside the consulate.

18:20: One of the private jets departs from Istanbul airport. The other plane leaves at 21:00.

How is the Turkish investigation progressing?
Turkish police were allowed to enter the Saudi consulate on 15 October, shortly after Saudi officials and a group of cleaners were seen entering the building.

Turkish police have now searched the consulate and the nearby Saudi consul's residence, and have taken samples away for DNA testing.

The police have also searched the nearby Belgrad forest and farmland in Yalova because it is believed at least two vehicles from the Saudi consulate headed in that direction on the day of the suspected killing.

More than a dozen Turkish nationals employed at the Saudi consulate in Istanbul, including receptionists, technicians, accountants and a driver, have been questioned by prosecutors.

King Salman and President Erdogan have agreed to exchange information and co-operate in the investigation.

But there is still no sign of the body.

The latest focus for investigators appears to be on a well in the garden of the Saudi consulate building.

Related Topics
Mohammed bin SalmanJamal Khashoggi deathTurkeySaudi Arabia
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Despite this, he gave Ms Cengiz two mobile phones and told her to call an adviser to Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan if he did not come back out.

She ultimately waited for more than 10 hours outside the consulate and returned the following morning when Khashoggi had still not reappeared.

What does Saudi Arabia say?
For more than two weeks Saudi Arabia consistently denied any knowledge of Khashoggi's fate.

Prince Mohammed told Bloomberg News that the journalist had left the consulate "after a few minutes or one hour".

"We have nothing to hide," he added.

Prince Mohammed's brother and the Saudi ambassador to the US, Prince Khaled bin Salman, claimed all reports about his disappearance or death were "completely false and baseless".

Who is Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman?
Did Apple Watch record Khashoggi killing?
Why Saudi Arabia matters to the West
But in the early hours of 20 October, state television reported the journalist had in fact died in the consulate after a fight.

It finally said that Khashoggi had been murdered in a "rogue operation" and vowed to punish "those responsible".

A Saudi official told Reuters news agency that Khashoggi had died in a chokehold after resisting attempts to return him to Saudi Arabia. His body was then rolled in a rug and given to a local "co-operator" to be disposed of. A Saudi operative then reportedly donned his clothes and left the premises.

The authorities announced the arrest of 18 Saudi nationals and dismissal of two senior officials - deputy intelligence chief Ahmad al-Assiri and Saud al-Qahtani, a senior aide to Prince Mohammed.

Saudi King Salman also ordered the formation of a ministerial committee, headed by the crown prince, to restructure the intelligence services in the wake of the initial inquiry.

Two days later, Foreign Minister Adel al-Jubeir described the killing as "murder", telling Fox News "a tremendous mistake" had been made. He denied that the crown prince had ordered the killing.

Then, on 25 October, Saudi Arabia's public prosecutor was quoted in state media as saying Khashoggi's murder was "premeditated".

The prosecutor's account came after investigations by a joint Saudi-Turkish task force, broadcaster al-Ekhbariya said.

What does Turkey say happened to him?
President Recep Tayyip Erdogan says there is strong evidence to suggest the "savage" killing of Khashoggi was planned days in advance.

He says three teams of 15 Saudi nationals arrived in Istanbul on separate flights in the days and hours leading up to the murder.

He added that the group had removed the security cameras and surveillance footage from the consulate building prior to Khashoggi's arrival.

Turkish officials say the journalist was tortured and killed on the consulate premises and that his body was then removed.

They say they have audio and video evidence to support this claim - but these have not yet been made public, and President Erdogan has not mentioned them.

Image copyrightAFP
Image caption
Investigators have been searching Belgrad forest for the body
The Washington Post and pro-government Turkish newspaper Yeni Safak quoted Turkish sources who had heard the tapes and said they showed Khashoggi had been tortured.

Yeni Safak said Saudi Consul General Mohammed al-Otaibi could be heard on one tape warning the alleged Saudi agents: "Do this outside. You're going to get me in trouble."

"Shut up if you want to live when you return to [Saudi] Arabia," a person can reportedly be heard telling the diplomat on another tape.

Unnamed Turkish officials have told various US sources that Khashoggi was killed within two hours of arriving and then dismembered.

President Erdogan also said some members from the group travelled to Belgrad forest, which is near the consulate, the day before the killing. This area was last week searched by Turkish police looking for the body.

Who are the alleged Saudi agents?
One of the men, Maher Mutreb, served as a colonel in Saudi intelligence and was based at the country's embassy in London, the BBC understands.

Four of the men have links to the Saudi crown prince and another is a senior figure in the country's interior ministry, reports say.

Turkish officials believe the men are Saudi officials and intelligence officers, an allegation that appears to be supported by open-source information that is freely available.

They say the group brought a bone saw into the country and that one of its members was a doctor who specialised in post-mortems.
Nine of the agents reportedly arrived on a private jet from the Saudi capital, Riyadh, at about 03:15 on the day Khashoggi visited the consulate.

The rest of the suspected agents are reported to have arrived later that day on a second private jet or on commercial flights. The group then checked into two hotels near the consulate building.

CCTV footage broadcast by Turkish TV appears to show groups of Saudi men entering the country via Istanbul airport and then checking into the hotels.

Who's who in alleged Saudi 'hit squad'
It also shows vehicles driving up to the consulate an hour before Khashoggi's visit, including black vans thought to be central to inquiries.

One of the vans is reported to have taken some of the men from the consulate to the nearby residence of the Saudi consul about two hours after Khashoggi's arrival.

The group then left the country on the two private jets that flew to Riyadh via Cairo and Dubai, according to investigators.

How did 2 October unfold?
This is the timeline of events, according to Turkish media.

Image copyrightGETTY IMAGES
03:28: The first private jet carrying suspected Saudi agents arrives at Istanbul airport.

05:05: The group is seen checking into two hotels near the Saudi consulate building.

12:13: Several diplomatic vehicles are filmed arriving at the consulate, allegedly carrying some of the Saudi agents.

13:14: Khashoggi enters the building.

15:08: Vehicles leave the consulate and are filmed arriving at the nearby Saudi consul's residence.

17:15: A second private jet carrying a number of suspected Saudi officials lands in Istanbul.

17:33: Khashoggi's fiancée, Hatice Cengiz, is seen on CCTV waiting outside the consulate.

18:20: One of the private jets departs from Istanbul airport. The other plane leaves at 21:00.

How is the Turkish investigation progressing?
Turkish police were allowed to enter the Saudi consulate on 15 October, shortly after Saudi officials and a group of cleaners were seen entering the building.

Turkish police have now searched the consulate and the nearby Saudi consul's residence, and have taken samples away for DNA testing.

The police have also searched the nearby Belgrad forest and farmland in Yalova because it is believed at least two vehicles from the Saudi consulate headed in that direction on the day of the suspected killing.

More than a dozen Turkish nationals employed at the Saudi consulate in Istanbul, including receptionists, technicians, accountants and a driver, have been questioned by prosecutors.

King Salman and President Erdogan have agreed to exchange information and co-operate in the investigation.

But there is still no sign of the body.

The latest focus for investigators appears to be on a well in the garden of the Saudi consulate building.